Sensory integration is the process by which the brain takes in information from the senses—like sight, sound, touch, and movement—and makes sense of it so we can respond appropriately. For some children, this process doesn’t work smoothly, and their brains either get overwhelmed by sensory input or don’t notice important sensory signals at all. These challenges can affect learning, behavior, and emotional well-being.
Let’s explore the most common challenges related to sensory integration, including sensory overload, under-sensitivity, and perceptual difficulties.
1. Sensory Overload: When the Brain Feels Too Much
Sensory overload happens when the brain receives too much sensory input all at once. Bright lights, loud sounds, crowded places, strong smells, or constant movement can overwhelm a child’s nervous system. Instead of being able to focus, stay calm, or enjoy an activity, the child may feel anxious, scared, or irritable.
Common signs of sensory overload:
- Covering ears in noisy environments
- Avoiding bright lights or busy places
- Meltdowns or tantrums during overwhelming situations
- Refusal to wear certain clothes due to how they feel
- Wanting to escape or hide from the environment
🧠 Example: A trip to the supermarket with loud music, many people, and strong smells might cause a child to cry, cover their ears, or run away due to sensory overload.
Supporting children during sensory overload means creating calmer environments or offering quiet breaks. Some children benefit from tools like noise-canceling headphones, sunglasses, or weighted blankets.
2. Under-Sensitivity: When the Brain Doesn’t Feel Enough
Some children don’t notice or respond to sensory input the way we expect. Their brains may not register touch, movement, sounds, or even pain effectively. This is called under-sensitivity, or sensory hyposensitivity.
Signs of under-sensitivity:
- High pain tolerance (not reacting to cuts or bumps)
- Constantly seeking movement (spinning, jumping, running)
- Not noticing when they’re dirty or wet
- Chewing on clothes, pencils, or toys
- Seeming “clumsy” or unaware of their surroundings
🧠 Example: A child may fall and scrape their knee but keep playing without any reaction. Another might constantly bump into things without realizing it.
These children often need more strong, active input to feel regulated—like climbing, swinging, jumping, or deep-pressure activities. An occupational therapist can suggest specific activities that help fulfill their sensory needs in a safe way.
3. Perceptual Disorders: When the Brain Misinterprets Sensory Input
Sometimes, a child receives sensory input, but their brain misunderstands what that input means. This can cause confusing or inappropriate reactions.
Examples of perceptual challenges:
- Misjudging how close or far something is (poor depth perception)
- Touching something soft but reacting as if it’s painful
- Tasting food and feeling disgust, even though it’s not spoiled
- Not recognizing the shape of a familiar object without looking
🧠 Example: A child may refuse to eat certain foods because the texture “feels wrong” in their mouth, even if the flavor is fine. Or they may touch cold water and react as if it’s burning.
These challenges can affect everyday skills like eating, dressing, playing, and learning. Children with perceptual issues may need more time and support to understand their surroundings.
How Do These Challenges Affect Children?
When a child faces sensory integration difficulties, it can lead to:
- Difficulty focusing in school or during tasks
- Increased anxiety or frustration
- Avoidance of certain situations (like noisy classrooms or group games)
- Unusual behaviors that may seem “bad” but are really sensory-based
- Struggles with social interaction, like not understanding personal space
What Can Parents Do?
If your child shows signs of sensory challenges, you’re not alone—and help is available. You can:
- Observe and note which situations cause distress or unusual behaviors
- Create sensory-friendly spaces at home (quiet corner, soft lighting, calming music)
- Offer regular movement breaks or sensory tools
- Consult with an occupational therapist trained in sensory integration, who can do a detailed assessment and suggest personalized strategies
Understanding your child’s sensory needs can help you support them more effectively and reduce daily struggles.
Final Thoughts
Sensory challenges can be confusing and difficult—for both children and parents. But with the right support and knowledge, you can make a big difference in your child’s comfort, confidence, and ability to participate in daily life.
By learning to spot signs like overload, under-sensitivity, or misinterpretation of sensory signals, you can help your child feel more secure, understood, and ready to face the world.
References:
- Ayres, A. J. (2005). Sensory Integration and the Child. Western Psychological Services.
- Miller, L. J. (2006). Sensational Kids: Hope and Help for Children with Sensory Processing Disorder. Penguin Books.
- Bundy, A. C., Lane, S. J., & Murray, E. A. (2002). Sensory Integration: Theory and Practice. F.A. Davis.
- STAR Institute – www.spdstar.org
- Kranowitz, C. S. (2005). The Out-of-Sync Child. Perigee Trade.
Tags: sensory overload, under-sensitivity, sensory challenges, parenting tips, child development, occupational therapy
Categories: Sensory Processing, Child Behaviour, Parenting, Special Needs
